What is Tongue Cancer?
Tongue cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that originates in the cells of the tongue. It is most commonly found in the squamous cells on the surface of the tongue and can occur in two areas: the oral tongue (the front two-thirds of the tongue) and the base of the tongue (the back one-third of the tongue). Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and quality of life.
Symptoms of Tongue Cancer
Common symptoms of tongue cancer include:
- Persistent red or white patches on the tongue
- A sore or lump on the tongue that does not heal
- Pain or difficulty swallowing
- Numbness in the mouth
- Unexplained bleeding from the tongue
- Changes in voice or speech
- Ear pain (referred pain from the tongue)
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing tongue cancer, including:
- Tobacco use (smoking and smokeless tobacco)
- Heavy alcohol consumption
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
- Poor oral hygiene
- Family history of cancer
- Prolonged exposure to certain chemicals
Diagnosis
Diagnosing tongue cancer typically involves a combination of:
- Physical examination of the mouth and throat
- Biopsy of any suspicious lesions
- Imaging tests such as MRI, CT scan, or PET scan to determine the extent of the cancer
- Endoscopy to examine the throat and nearby structures
Treatment Options
Treatment for tongue cancer depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Options may include:
Surgery: Removal of the tumor and potentially affected lymph nodes. In some cases, part of the tongue may need to be removed, followed by reconstructive surgery.
Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays are used to target and kill cancer cells. This may be used alone or in combination with surgery.
Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells or stop their growth. This may be combined with radiation therapy (chemoradiation) for more advanced cases.
Targeted Therapy: Drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and spread. These may be used in conjunction with other treatments.
Rehabilitation and Support: Speech and swallowing therapy, nutritional support, and psychological counseling to help patients recover and maintain quality of life after treatment.